新冠肺炎疫情發生以來，不僅中國人民的生命安全和身體健康面臨重大威脅，全球公共衛生安全也面臨重大挑戰。面對嚴峻考驗，在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，中國人民團結奮戰、同舟共濟，用中國力量、中國精神、中國效率贏得了世界的普遍認同與贊賞，為全球公共衛生事業作出了重要貢獻，生動踐行了構建人類命運共同體的價值理念。

 

為了幫助國際社會更好地了解中國人民抗疫斗爭，為全球公共衛生治理提供參考借鑒，當代中國與世界研究院、中國翻譯研究院聯合中國外文局融媒體中心策劃編寫了《中國關鍵詞：抗擊新冠疫情篇》，從中央決策、政策部署、具體舉措、疫情發展、國際援助和人物案例等六個方面，解讀中國打贏疫情防控阻擊戰、攜手應對全球挑戰的擔當與行動。

 

本篇選取80個關鍵詞進行闡釋和解讀，同時納入中國翻譯研究院重點翻譯項目統籌工作機制，譯為英、法、俄、西、阿、日、韓等語種，以多語種、多媒體、多渠道方式對外發布。第一批24條詞匯中英文對照版如下。

 

《中國關鍵詞：抗擊新冠肺炎疫情篇》

Key Words to Understand China: The Fight Against COVID-19

 

第一批詞條（24條）

 

一、中央決策

Decisions by the Central Leadership

 

1. 生命重于泰山

 

生命安全和身體健康，是人民群眾的基本需求和普遍愿望。中共十八大以來，習近平始終高度重視人民健康安全，在不同場合多次發表關于保障人民健康安全的重要論述。新冠肺炎疫情發生后，以習近平同志為核心的黨中央高度重視，迅速做出部署，全面加強對疫情防控的集中統一領導。2020年1月25日，農歷正月初一，中共中央政治局常委會召開會議，專門聽取新冠肺炎疫情防控工作匯報，習近平主持會議并發表重要講話，強調“生命重于泰山”。實際上，自疫情發生以來，他已經多次作出重要指示批示，要求各級黨委和政府及有關部門把人民群眾生命安全和身體健康放在第一位，把疫情防控作為當前最重要的工作來抓，采取切實有效措施，堅決遏制疫情蔓延勢頭。

 

生命重于泰山，即人民生命高于一切。具體而言，就是要堅持以人為本、生命至上，不惜一切代價搶救生命、救治患者；就是要不遺余力做好各項防控措施，“寧可十防九空，不可失防萬一”；就是要堅持其他工作安排都要為人民群眾生命安全和身體健康讓路，按照黨中央決策部署全面動員、全面部署、全面加強防控工作。“生命重于泰山”彰顯了人民利益高于一切的重要原則，體現了中國共產黨全心全意為人民服務的根本宗旨。

 

Saving Lives Is of Paramount Importance.

 

Safety and health are the basic needs of the people. Xi Jinping attaches great importance to these two issues, and has given instructions on ensuring people’s health and safety on different occasions. 

 

Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core has made thorough arrangements and strengthened centralized and unified leadership over the prevention and control of the epidemic. On January 25, 2020, the first day of the Chinese Lunar New Year, the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting and listened to a report on epidemic prevention and control. Xi Jinping presided over the meeting and emphasized that “saving lives is of paramount importance.”

 

He demanded Party committees and governments at all levels to give top priority to people’s safety and health, and take epidemic control a most important work in the immediate future. He required effective measures to be taken to contain the outbreak.

 

“Saving lives is of paramount importance.” – This echoes the CPC’s mission of serving the people whole-heartedly and its principle of taking the interests of the people above everything else. It is the CPC’s pledge to save lives and cure patients at all costs. It will spare no effort and adopt all measures necessary to combat the epidemic. For the current time, other work should make way for the efforts to protect the safety and health of the people. Implementing the decisions by the CPC Central Committee, the whole country will take comprehensive actions in social mobilization, deployment, and prevention and control of the epidemic.

 

2. 疫情就是命令，防控就是責任

 

做好疫情防控工作，直接關系人民生命安全和身體健康，直接關系經濟社會大局穩定，也事關國家對外開放。

 

在2020年1月25日召開的中共中央政治局常委會專題會議上，習近平聽取新冠肺炎疫情防控工作匯報并強調，“疫情就是命令，防控就是責任”。這是疫情防治關鍵時刻中共中央作出的重要部署，體現了中國共產黨人心系人民的責任擔當。這一部署要求各級領導干部特別是主要領導干部深入疫情防控第一線，及時發聲指導，及時掌握疫情，及時采取行動，做到守土有責、守土盡責。疫情防控是一場不能懈怠的賽跑，要以最快速度救治患者，以最快速度控制疫情，容不得有絲毫猶疑、絲毫僥幸；要做好疫情監測、排查、預警等工作，爭分奪秒遏制疫情蔓延勢頭；要實施最有利最有效的舉措，開展最大范圍的全民動員，筑起一道道堅固的防線。

 

Go Where There Is Epidemic, Fight It till It Perishes.

 

Epidemic prevention and control directly concerns the safety and health of the people, the overall stability of the economy and society, and the country’s opening up to the outside world.

 

After hearing the report on epidemic prevention and control at the meeting held on January 25, 2020, Xi Jinping ordered, “Go where there is epidemic, fight it till it perishes.”

 

This is an important deployment made by the CPC Central Committee at a critical moment. It reflects the Chinese Communists’ care about the people, who always put the people in the first place. It requires leading officials at all levels, especially major ones, to go deep into the front line of epidemic prevention and control, fulfill their responsibilities by giving timely guidance, closely monitoring the situation and taking prompt actions. Epidemic prevention and control is a race against time. Concerted efforts must be taken to treat patients and contain the spread of the virus at the fastest speed, without even the slightest hesitation. All-out efforts are need to carry out epidemic monitoring, screening, and early warning, and to curb the spread of the virus racing against the clock. Enormous efforts must be exerted to implement the most effective measures, mobilize the people to the largest extent, and build a solid line of defense against the epidemic.

 

3. 把疫情防控工作作為當前最重要的工作來抓

 

新冠肺炎疫情是新中國成立以來在國內發生的傳播速度最快、感染范圍最廣、防控難度最大的一次重大突發公共衛生事件。

 

在2020年1月25日召開的中共中央政治局常委會專題會議上，習近平聽取新冠肺炎疫情防控工作匯報并強調，“把疫情防控工作作為當前最重要的工作來抓”。這是在當前疫情防控非常時期的明確定位，為堅決打贏這場沒有硝煙的戰役標定了清晰坐標。

 

把疫情防控工作作為當前最重要的工作來抓，是因為人命關天，人民至上，必須把人民群眾生命安全和身體健康放在第一位，做到搶救生命不惜財物、守護健康不畏繁難、防控疫情不避艱辛；是因為當前疫情傳播呈擴散態勢，必須堅持“寧可十防九空，不可失防萬一”，只有把問題想得嚴重一些，把風險想得大一些，把措施定得更周密一些，才能跑贏疫情傳播速度，贏得打贏疫情防控阻擊戰的主動權，有力有效遏制疫情蔓延勢頭。

 

疫情發生以來，習近平時刻關注著疫情防控工作，不斷作出重要指示批示。中共中央印發《關于加強黨的領導、為打贏疫情防控阻擊戰提供堅強政治保證的通知》。中央應對疫情工作領導小組及時研究部署工作，前方指導組也積極開展工作。國務院應對新冠肺炎疫情聯防聯控機制加強統籌協調，及時協調解決防控工作中遇到的緊迫問題。各級黨委和政府積極作為，同時間賽跑，與病魔較量，形成了抗擊疫情的強大合力。

 

Epidemic Prevention and Control: Top of Current Agenda

 

The novel coronavirus epidemic is a major public health emergency with the fastest spread and the widest range of infections, and has been the most difficult to prevent and control in China since the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949.

 

At the meeting held on January 25, 2020, Xi Jinping emphasized that epidemic prevention and control must be put at the top of current agenda. This underscored the work in this emergency period and set clear coordinates for resolutely winning the war without smoke.

 

Putting epidemic prevention and control at the top of current agenda – This is because people’s lives are of supreme importance, and people’s health and safety are the top priority. China will save people’s lives at any cost, safeguard their health despite any difficulties, and prevent and control the epidemic without shying away from any hardships. As the epidemic spreads, China will do everything possible to combat it. Only by taking the problem more seriously and implementing more thoughtful measures, can the country outrun the epidemic, gain the initiative to win the war, and effectively curb its spread.

 

Since the outbreak of the epidemic, Xi Jinping has paid close attention to and made important instructions on virus prevention and control. The CPC Central Committee has issued a circular on strengthening Party leadership and providing strong political support for the battle. The Central Leading Group for COVID-19 Prevention and Control has made timely study and arrangements for relevant work, and the Central Guiding Team dispatched to Hubei province has actively carried out their work. The Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council was developed for overall planning and inter-agency coordination, which has promptly solved many pressing issues in epidemic prevention and control. In the meantime, Party committees and governments at all levels have taken active steps to outrun the epidemic. A strong joint force to battle the epidemic has been formed.

 

4. 堅定信心、同舟共濟、科學防治、精準施策

 

在2020年1月25日召開的中共中央政治局常委會專題會議上，習近平指出，要堅定信心、同舟共濟、科學防治、精準施策，打贏疫情防控阻擊戰。這是中共中央審時度勢、綜合研判，對新冠肺炎疫情防控工作提出的總要求。

 

堅定信心，就是面對新冠肺炎疫情加快蔓延的嚴重形勢，相信我們有底氣、有能力打贏這場疫情防控阻擊戰。同舟共濟，就是加強黨中央集中統一領導，各級黨委和政府深刻認識做好新冠肺炎疫情防控工作的重要性和緊迫性，堅定不移地把黨中央各項決策部署落到實處。科學防治，就是相信科學、依靠科學，聯合國內外各方面專家開展科研攻關，強化科研與臨床合作，盡快研制出快速簡易的確診方式，抓緊研發疫苗和有效藥物，做到準確識變、科學應變、主動求變，把牢疫情防控的要害處、關鍵點。精準施策，就是針對不同區域情況，完善差異化防控策略，在堅決打好湖北保衛戰、武漢保衛戰的同時，全力做好北京疫情防控工作，落實非疫情防控重點地區分區分級精準防控策略。

 

United to Take Science-Based and Targeted Measures and Fight the Epidemic with Confidence

 

At the meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on January 25, 2020, Xi Jinping called on the whole nation to be united, take science-based and targeted measures against the epidemic, and have confidence in conquering the virus. This is a general requirement by the CPC Central Committee for COVID-19 prevention and control based on a thorough analysis of the situation.

 

Having confidence implies that the Chinese nation has the strength and ability to contain the spread of the virus and win the battle in the end. Working in great unity, the whole country follows the centralized and unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee, and Party committees and governments at all levels fully understand the importance and urgency of epidemic prevention and control, and implement the decisions and arrangements made by the CPC Central Committee in real earnest. Defeating the epidemic requires a strong scientific underpinning. In its science-based response to the outbreak, China has engaged both Chinese and foreign experts in relevant fields to carry out scientific research on COVID-19 prevention and control, enhance cooperation between scientific research and clinical trials, and race against time to explore rapid and simple ways of diagnosis and develop vaccines and effective drugs. Taking targeted measures means to adopt varied prevention and control policies according to different regional conditions. While endeavoring to protect Hubei province and its capital city Wuhan, all-out efforts are also made to fight the epidemic in Beijing. The areas that are not key places for virus prevention and control will adopt region-specific targeted approaches based on an assessment of local risks.

 

5. 堅決打贏疫情防控的人民戰爭、總體戰、阻擊戰

 

2020年2月10日，習近平在北京市調研時指出，堅決打贏疫情防控的人民戰爭、總體戰、阻擊戰。此后他又在多個場合強調了這一原則。

 

疫情防控是一場人民戰爭。做好疫情防控工作直接關系到人民身體健康，關系到人民生活水平和質量，必須緊緊依靠人民群眾堅決打贏疫情防控狙擊戰。這就要求各級黨委和政府牢記“人民利益高于一切”，把人民群眾生命安全和身體健康放在第一位，把疫情防控工作作為當前最重要的工作來抓，將宗旨意識轉化為戰“疫”行動，切實增強人民群眾的安全感。面對疫情，各級黨委和政府要“凝聚人民力量”，在發揮好戰斗堡壘和先鋒模范作用的同時，廣泛動員群眾、組織群眾、凝聚群眾。

 

疫情防控是一場總體戰。這就要求各級黨委和政府堅持全國一盤棋，統一指揮、統一協調、統一調度，掌握疫情防范知識和技能，做好疫情防范工作，增強戰勝疫情的信心和決心；堅持上下同心，眾志成城，全面落實聯防聯控措施，構筑起聯防聯控的嚴密防線，匯聚起抗擊疫情的強大合力；堅持防控不只是醫藥衛生問題，而是全方位的工作，要讓各項工作都為打贏疫情防控阻擊戰提供支持。

疫情防控是一場阻擊戰。此次疫情來勢洶洶、傳染性強、傳播速度快，這就要求廣大黨員干部時刻保持“趕考”心態、激發奮斗狀態，以信仰守護初心，用擔當詮釋使命，把更多的時間和精力投入到疫情防控第一線，匯聚起人人奮發、個個爭先的磅礴力量，戰勝抗擊疫情道路上的各種艱難險阻，向黨和人民交出更加精彩的新答卷。

 

A Nation’s War on the Epidemic

 

During an inspection in Beijing on February 10, 2020, Xi Jinping encouraged the people to be determined to fight and win the battle against the epidemic by mobilizing all resources to control the spread of the virus. He has reiterated this resolution on different occasions.

 

Epidemic prevention and control is a war that involves every one of the nation. The epidemic directly endangers the people’s health and their living standards. The government must closely rely on the people to fight and win the battle against the epidemic. Party committees and governments at all levels must “take the interests of the people above everything else,” give top priority to people’s safety and health, and put epidemic prevention and control at the top of current agenda. They must bear in mind the fundamental purpose of the Party, spare no effort to combat the epidemic, and enhance the people’s sense of security. In the face of the epidemic, Party committees and governments at all levels should “pool the strength of the people” and extensively mobilize, organize, and rally the people while playing the role of exemplary vanguard.

 

Epidemic prevention and control is a war that calls for all-out efforts. Party committees and governments at all levels must act in a coordinated national response and follow unified command, coordination and dispatch. They need to acquire relevant knowledge and skills of epidemic prevention, have greater confidence and be more resolved to defeat the epidemic. They must unite as one like a fortress, fully implement the joint prevention and control measures, put up an effective defense, and build a strong synergy against the virus. They must know that epidemic prevention and control is not an issue merely about medicine and health, but a task that demands all-out efforts, and all work must provide support for winning the war against the epidemic.

 

Epidemic prevention and control is a war to stop the epidemic from spreading. Facing the menacing, highly contagious and fast-spreading epidemic, all Party members and officials must get prepared for this unprecedented test. They must keep up the spirit, stay true to the mission of the Chinese Communists, and bravely shoulder the responsibility. They must devote more time and energy to the front line of epidemic prevention and control, pool the strength of every citizen, strive to overcome all kinds of difficulties and obstacles, and hand over a perfect answer sheet to the Party and the people.

 

二、政策部署

Anti-Epidemic Guidelines and Arrangements

 

1. 成立中央應對疫情工作領導小組

 

2020年1月25日，中共中央政治局常委會召開專題會議，決定成立中央應對新型冠狀病毒肺炎疫情工作領導小組（以下簡稱中央應對疫情工作領導小組）。

 

中央應對疫情工作領導小組是中共中央根據全國防控新冠肺炎疫情的緊迫需要成立的決策指揮機構，在中共中央政治局常委會領導下開展工作，旨在加強對全國疫情防控的統一領導、統一指揮。中共中央政治局常委、國務院總理李克強任領導小組組長，中共中央政治局常委王滬寧任副組長。

 

1月26日，李克強主持召開中央應對疫情工作領導小組首次會議。會議指出，當前正處于疫情防控關鍵期，各級黨委政府要把思想和行動統一到習近平總書記重要講話和中共中央政治局常委會會議精神上來，把疫情防控作為當前最重要的工作來抓，采取更果斷、更有力有序、更科學周密的舉措，有效遏制疫情蔓延。會議強調，要進一步加強湖北省和武漢市疫情防控，中央向湖北派出指導組，推動加強防控一線工作，同時調配全國資源，優先保障湖北省和武漢市急需的醫護力量和醫療物資，確保生活必需品供應。

 

2月22日，中央應對疫情工作領導小組印發《關于全面落實進一步保護關心愛護醫務人員若干措施的通知》，就進一步保護關心愛護醫務人員提出十方面舉措。截至2月24日，中央應對疫情工作領導小組先后召開11次會議研究部署疫情防控工作。

 

The Central Leading Group for COVID-19 Prevention and Control

 

At its meeting on January 25, 2020, the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee decided to form a Leading Group of the CPC Central Committee for COVID-19 Prevention and Control (“Central Leading Group for COVID-19 Prevention and Control” for short).

 

The Central Leading Group for COVID-19 Prevention and Control is the decision-making and command body set up by the CPC Central Committee in response to the urgent need for epidemic combat across the country. It works under the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, and exercises unified leadership and command over epidemic prevention and control. Li Keqiang, member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and premier of the State Council, heads the group, and Wang Huning, member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, serves as deputy head.

 

On January 26, Li Keqiang presided over the first meeting of the Central Leading Group for COVID-19 Prevention and Control. The meeting concluded that as epidemic prevention and control is currently in a critical stage, Party committees and governments at all levels must unify their thinking and actions by following the guiding principles of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s instructions and the meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau. They must put epidemic prevention and control at the top of their current agenda, and take more decisive, more powerful and orderly, more scientific and thorough measures to effectively curb the spread of the virus. 

 

To further tighten epidemic prevention and control in Hubei province and Wuhan city, the meeting decided to dispatch a Central Guiding Team there to promote the frontline work. It also decided to allocate resources nationwide to first meet the urgent need for medical workers and medical supplies in Hubei and Wuhan and to ensure the supply of daily necessities for the citizens there as the whole country is battling the virus.

 

On February 22, the Central Leading Group for COVID-19 Prevention and Control issued a document on protection and care for medical workers, putting forward 10 measures in detail. By February 24, the Central Leading Group for COVID-19 Prevention and Control had held 11 meetings to study and deploy epidemic prevention and control work.

 

2. 向湖北等疫情嚴重地區派出指導組

 

武漢和湖北是新冠肺炎疫情防控的重中之重，也是打贏疫情防控阻擊戰的主戰場。2020年1月25日，中共中央政治局常委會召開專題會議，決定向湖北等疫情嚴重地區派出指導組，推動有關地方全面加強防控一線工作。

 

中央赴湖北指導組主要有三項職責：一是指導督導湖北、武漢落實中央決策部署；二是指導湖北、武漢抗擊疫情，增強防控力量；三是督查一些不作為、亂作為、不擔當的問題，依法依紀要求有關方面做出整改，做出調查處理。

 

1月27日，中共中央政治局委員、國務院副總理孫春蘭率中央指導組抵達湖北省武漢市，全面加強一線疫情防控，重點開展五方面工作：一是加強源頭防控，作出交通隔離、延長假期等工作部署，切斷疫情的傳播途徑和傳播渠道；二是千方百計調配資源，保障醫護力量和醫用物資，增加收治床位供給，確保居民生活必需品供應；三是全力救治患者，部署建立方艙醫院、開展拉網式排查，分類分級分層開展救治，抓好確診、疑似、發熱和密切接觸者四類人群管理，推進中醫藥參與疫情防控；四是組織開展流行病學調查，對傳染源、傳播途徑和傳播機理等進行追蹤研究，及時研判疫情走勢；五是明確和落實好轄區、行業部門、單位和個人“四方”責任。

 

中央指導組同湖北人民和武漢人民并肩作戰，自始至終抓住疫情防控、救治患者、保障醫用物資三條主線，扭住武漢和湖北其他市州兩個重點，在疫情防控斗爭的第一線發揮了關鍵作用。

 

The Central Guiding Team Dispatched to Hubei Province and Other Severely-Hit Regions

 

Wuhan city and Hubei province are the top priorities of epidemic prevention and control, and the main battlefields of the war against the virus. On January 25, 2020, the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee decided to dispatch a Central Guiding Team to Hubei province and other regions severely hit by the epidemic, aiming to comprehensively strengthen epidemic prevention and control on the front line.

 

The Central Guiding Team has three major duties: (1) to guide and supervise Hubei province and Wuhan city to implement the arrangements made by the central leadership; (2) to guide Hubei and Wuhan in the battle against the epidemic and increase prevention and control forces; and (3) to investigate negative, wrong and irresponsible actions, supervise local rectification, and deal with those problems in accordance with laws and discipline.

 

Led by Sun Chunlan, member of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and vice premier of the State Council, the Central Guiding Team arrived in Wuhan on January 27. Empowered to comprehensively strengthen frontline epidemic prevention and control, the Central Guiding Team mainly carries out work in five aspects: (1) to strengthen prevention and control at the source, make arrangements such as traffic restraint and extension of Spring Festival break, in order to interrupt epidemic transmission; (2) to do everything possible to deploy resources to satisfy the need for medical workers and medical supplies, increase hospital beds, and ensure the supply of daily necessities for the local residents; (3) to coordinate the efforts in treating and curing patients, building temporary treatment centers, thorough infection screening, classified and multi-level treatment for patients, and management of the four groups of people who are confirmed patients, suspected cases, febrile and close contacts, and promote the use of traditional Chinese medicine in disease treatment; (4) to organize the conducting of epidemiological investigations, tracking and studying of the source of infection and the route and mechanism of transmission, and timely analysis of the epidemic trend; and (5) to clarify the duties for administrative divisions, industry sectors, units, and individuals and ensure their full performance.

 

The Central Guiding Team has worked alongside with the people in Wuhan and other places of Hubei province, and focused their work on epidemic prevention and control, treating and curing patients, and ensuring medical supplies, thus playing a key role on the front line of the battle.

 

3. 分區分級做好疫情防控工作

 

2020年1月25日，中共中央政治局常委會專題會議對科學防治、精準施策作出部署，要求分類指導各地做好疫情防控工作。2月17日，國務院應對新冠肺炎疫情聯防聯控機制印發《關于科學防治精準施策分區分級做好新冠肺炎疫情防控工作的指導意見》。《意見》指出，各地各有關部門要貫徹中央關于突出重點、統籌兼顧，分類指導、分區施策的要求，依據《中華人民共和國傳染病防治法》《突發公共衛生事件應急條例》等法律法規，分區分級精準防控，統籌疫情防控與經濟社會秩序恢復。

 

分區分級做好疫情防控工作，就是立足地區特點和疫情形勢因應施策。各地要制定差異化的縣域防控和恢復經濟社會秩序的措施，即以縣（市、區、旗）為單位，依據人口、發病情況綜合研判，科學劃分疫情風險等級，明確分級分類的防控策略；劃小管控單元，轄區內的城鄉社區、機關、企事業單位、社會組織和個人均應按要求落實相關防控措施。湖北省和武漢市要采取更嚴格、更有針對性、更加管用有效的措施，內防擴散、外防輸出，把疫情擴散遏制住；要切實保障各種物資供應，確保人民群眾正常基本生活。北京市要全力做好疫情防控工作，堅決抓好外防輸入、內防擴散兩大環節，盡最大可能切斷傳染源，盡最大可能控制疫情波及范圍，確保首都安全。其他地區要加強組織領導，堅持依法防控，做好分區分級差異化防控，落實防控要求和救治要求，有序恢復生產生活秩序。

 

Region-Specific and Multi-Level Approaches to Epidemic Prevention and Control

 

In addition to science-based and targeted measures against the virus, the meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on January 25, 2020 also required sector-specific guidance on epidemic prevention and control. 

 

On February 17, the inter-agency task force under the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council issued a package of guidelines on taking science-based, targeted, region-specific, and multi-level measures for epidemic prevention and control. According to the guidelines, all provincial governments and central departments must enforce the central leadership’s requirements by focusing on key issues, strengthening coordination, giving sector-specific guidance, and applying different policies for different areas. They are required to take region-specific, multi-level targeted approaches to epidemic prevention and control in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases and the Regulations on the Urgent Handling of Public Health Emergencies, and coordinate epidemic prevention and control and restoration of economic and social order.

 

Region-specific and multi-level approaches are meant to suit the specific features and epidemic situations of different regions. In line with the guidelines, differentiated policies will be adopted for epidemic control and restoration of economic and social order in different places. Counties and other county-level administrative regions (cities, districts and banners) need to conduct a comprehensive analysis of local population and epidemic severity, make science-based classification of the virus risk, and take appropriate prevention and control strategies accordingly. They should divide their management and control grids into smaller pieces, and urban and rural communities, government bodies, enterprises and institutions, social organizations and individuals within their jurisdiction must follow relevant rules for virus prevention and control. 

 

Hubei province and Wuhan city are required to take more stringent, more targeted, and more effective measures to curb the spread of the epidemic within their jurisdictions and beyond, and ensure the supply of all kinds of materials and basic necessities for the local people. Beijing, capital of China, must make every effort to fight the epidemic, resolutely guard against imported cases and spread of the virus within the city, and cut off the source of infection to ensure the city’s safety. Other areas should strengthen organization and leadership, abide by relative laws and regulations, carry out differentiated epidemic control, implement relative requirements on epidemic prevention and treatment of patients, and restore the order of production and life in an orderly manner.

 

4. 及時準確、公開透明發布疫情信息

 

2020年1月25日，中共中央政治局常委會專題會議強調，要及時準確、公開透明發布疫情信息，回應境內外關切；要及時向世界衛生組織、有關國家和地區組織以及港澳臺地區通報疫情信息，加強合作、全力應對，共同維護地區和全球衛生安全。2月3日，習近平在中共中央政治局常委會會議上發表講話，要求多層次、高密度發布權威信息，正視存在的問題，回應群眾的關切，增強及時性、針對性、專業性。2月23日，習近平在統籌推進新冠肺炎疫情防控和經濟社會發展工作部署會議上發表講話，要求完善疫情信息發布，依法做到公開、透明、及時、準確。

 

按照中央統一部署和要求，國務院新聞辦公室1月26日起不定期就新冠病毒肺炎疫情聯防聯控工作有關情況舉行發布會；2月15日首次將發布會現場前移至抗疫最前沿——湖北武漢。1月27日起，國家衛生健康委每天上午舉行新聞發布會。2月3日起，國務院應對新冠肺炎疫情聯防聯控機制新聞發布會每日舉行。與此同時，湖北省及部分疫情比較重的地方每天也都舉行新聞發布會。上述發布會及時通報疫情情況、防控舉措、抗“疫”效果，主動回應社會關切、壓縮謠言空間，進一步提高了新聞輿論工作的針對性和有效性。

 

Prompt Release of Accurate Epidemic Information

 

The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee demanded at its meeting on January 25, 2020 prompt release of accurate information on the epidemic and timely response to concerns at home and aboard. It also required providing timely updates of the epidemic with the World Health Organization (WHO), relevant countries and regional organizations, Hong Kong SAR, Macao SAR and Taiwan province, and enhancing cooperation in an all-out response to the epidemic, in order to jointly safeguard regional and global health safety.

 

Speaking to a meeting of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau on February 3, Xi Jinping required frequent release of authoritative information by relevant agencies at different levels, addressing existing problems squarely, and responding to public concerns in a timely and specialist manner with a clear aim. At another meeting held on February 23 to promote nationwide epidemic control and economic and social development, he urged improving the release of epidemic information, which shall be made in an open, transparent, timely and accurate manner in accordance with the law.

 

Following the arrangements and requirements by the central leadership, the State Council Information Office has since January 26 held press conferences at irregular intervals on the joint efforts in virus prevention and control. On February 15, it for the first time moved its pressroom to Wuhan, the forefront of epidemic prevention and control. Starting from January 27, the National Health Commission (NHC) has held press conferences every morning. Starting from February 3, the inter-agency task force under the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council has held press conferences daily. Hubei province and other regions severely hit by the epidemic also hold press conferences every day. 

 

By releasing latest information about the epidemic, prevention and control measures and effects, these press conferences have taken the initiative in responding to public concerns and quashing rumors, thus have further improved the effectiveness of information disclosure.

 

三、具體措施

Effective Measures

 

1. 早發現、早報告、早隔離、早治療

 

“早發現、早報告、早隔離、早治療”是中央對防控新冠肺炎疫情提出的明確要求，也是中國科學防治新冠肺炎的一項重要措施。2020年 1月20日，國家衛生健康委高級別專家組研判指出，在疫情上升期，早發現、早隔離是最有效的防控手段，要盡可能減少傳播。1月25日中共中央政治局常委會召開專題會議，要求做好疫情監測、排查、預警等工作，切實做到早發現、早報告、早隔離、早治療。

 

隨著疫情防控進入關鍵階段，國務院應對新冠肺炎疫情聯防聯控機制印發《關于進一步強化責任落實 做好防治工作的通知》，對防控措施作出具體要求：及早發現和隔離病毒感染者，有效阻斷疫情擴散蔓延；前移疫情防控關口，加強社區網格化管理，將各項防控措施抓早抓小、落細落實；進一步提高檢測能力，優化確診程序、縮短確診時間，實行邊診邊治。2月23日，習近平在統籌推進新冠肺炎疫情防控和經濟社會發展工作部署會議上發表重要講話，明確早發現、早報告、早隔離、早治療的防控要求，強調要堅決遏制疫情擴散輸出，對確診患者應收盡收，對疑似患者應檢盡檢，對密切接觸者應隔盡隔，落實“四早”要求，找到管好每一個風險環節，決不能留下任何死角和空白。

 

隨著“早發現、早報告、早隔離、早治療”措施逐漸顯效，疫情蔓延勢頭得到初步遏制，防控工作取得階段性成效。

 

Early Detection, Reporting, Isolation and Treatment

 

“Early detection, reporting, isolation and treatment” is a definite principle put forward by the central leadership for epidemic prevention and control, and it is also an important measure taken by the country to fight the virus. 

On January 20, 2020, the High-level Expert Group of the NHC pointed out that against the rapid escalation of the virus, early detection and early isolation are the most effective means to block it and keep transmission to a minimum. The Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee on January 25 demanded monitoring, screening and early warning be conducted to ensure early detection, reporting, isolation and treatment.

 

As epidemic prevention and control entered a critical stage, the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council on February 7 issued a document on the responsibilities of different parties during epidemic prevention and control. The document emphasized the urgency of early detection and early isolation of infected people to effectively prevent the transmission of the virus. For this end, it is necessary to deploy preventive methods at an early stage and perform meticulous community grid management. It is also necessary to further improve the testing capability, optimize the diagnostic process, shorten diagnosis time, and carry out diagnosis and treatment simultaneously. 

 

At the national meeting for coordinating China’s epidemic control and economic and social development, held on February 23, Xi Jinping reiterated the principle of early detection, reporting, isolation and treatment. He urged more efforts to resolutely curb the spread of the epidemic, hospitalize all confirmed patients, conduct thorough tests of all suspected patients, and isolate all those close contacts. He demanded tracking and managing every potential risk without leaving any dead corners.

 

With the efforts made in “early detection, reporting, isolation and treatment,” the spread of the epidemic has been initially curbed, and phased effects have been achieved in the prevention and control of the epidemic.

 

2. 火神山醫院

 

隔離和收治是新冠肺炎疫情防控工作的重點任務。為確保疑似和確診病例“應收盡收、應治盡治”，2020年1月23日，武漢市決定參照2003年抗擊非典期間北京小湯山醫院模式，在武漢市蔡甸區知音湖附近建設一座專門醫院，集中收治新冠肺炎患者，命名“火神山醫院”。當日施工籌備工作啟動后，設計人員在五小時內完成場地平整設計圖，60小時內交付全部設計施工圖。7000多名建設者們馳援武漢、齊心協力、日夜奮戰，先后完成了通信基建、土地平整、測繪定位、病房搭設和電力施工等任務，僅用10天建成了這座收治患者的“安全島”。2日2日，火神山醫院正式交付解放軍支援湖北醫療隊管理使用。火神山醫院總建筑面積近3.4萬平方米，設置床位1000張，開設重癥病區、普通病區，設置感染控制、檢驗、特診、放射診斷等輔助科室。

 

2月3日，經中央軍委主席習近平批準，軍隊抽組1400名醫護人員承擔火神山醫院醫療救治任務。這些醫護人員中有不少人曾參加小湯山醫院抗擊非典任務，援助塞拉利昂、利比里亞抗擊埃博拉疫情，具有豐富的傳染病救治經驗。2月4日，國家醫療保障局宣布將火神山醫院納入醫保定點醫院，執行公立醫院收費標準，火神山醫院正式接診新冠肺炎確診患者。2月13日，火神山醫院首批治愈患者出院。

 

火神山醫院的建設展現了穩中有急、靜中有爭的“中國速度”。醫院建設期間，工地現場開設24小時直播，數千萬中外網絡用戶以“云監工”形式為一線建設者點贊加油。

 

Huoshenshan Hospital

 

Isolation and admission of patients are the key tasks in epidemic prevention and control. To ensure that all suspected and confirmed cases could be received and treated, Wuhan decided on January 23, 2020 to build an emergency hospital near Zhiyin Lake in Caidian District, following the practice of Beijing when the capital built the Xiaotangshan Hospital during its fight against SARS in 2003. Named “Huoshenshan” (“Fire God Mountain”), the new hospital was designed to treat patients suffering from novel coronavirus pneumonia.

 

After the decision was made and preparatory work was launched, the designers completed the site plans within five hours and delivered all design and construction drawings within 60 hours. More than 7,000 construction workers rushed to assist Wuhan. By working around the clock in three shifts and completing the tasks of communications infrastructure, land leveling, surveying and mapping, ward installation, and power construction, they were able to complete the construction in merely 10 days. On February 2, Huoshenshan Hospital was officially delivered to the medical units of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) that came earlier to assist Wuhan. 

 

With a total floor space of 34,000 square meters, Huoshenshan Hospital has 1,000 beds for intensive care units and general wards. It has supportive departments covering infection control, clinical laboratory, special treatment, and radiodiagnosis.

 

On February 3, with the approval of Xi Jinping, chairman of the Central Military Commission, 1,400 PLA medical personnel were deployed to staff the new Huoshenshan Hospital. Many of them have worked at Xiaotangshan Hospital in the fight against SARS, assisted Sierra Leone and Liberia in the fight against Ebola, and have rich experience in the treatment of infectious diseases. 

 

On February 4, the National Healthcare Security Administration announced to include Huoshenshan Hospital as one designated hospital of medical insurance, and the new hospital would adopt the charging standards of public hospitals. On the same day, Huoshenshan Hospital began to receive confirmed patients. On February 13, the hospital discharged the first group of cured patients.

 

The construction of Huoshenshan Hospital shows the “Chinese speed” at a time of urgency. During the construction of the hospital, a 24-hour live broadcast was streamed on the construction site. Every day, tens of millions of Chinese and foreign netizens voluntarily acted as “cloud supervisors” to root for the builders on the front line.

 

3. 雷神山醫院

 

2020年1月25日，火神山醫院建設剛剛展開，武漢市決定在武漢市江夏區黃家湖附近再建設一所專門醫院，集中收治各醫院發熱門診和住院確診的新冠病毒肺炎患者，定名“雷神山醫院”。

 

面對疫情，設計者和建設者們分秒必爭。1月26日，醫院設計總體方案完成；1月27日，開始大規模施工；1月28日，完成通信基站基礎設施新建及改造任務；1月29日，完成電力配套工程建設，開始供電運行。建設高峰期，逾萬名建設者、近1500臺機械設備晝夜不停施工。經過10余天施工建設，雷神山醫院于2月8日交付使用，由武漢大學中南醫院正式接管，當晚開始收治首批患者。醫院建設面積近8萬平方米，分為醫療隔離區、醫護生活區和綜合后勤區三個部分，共設1600張床位。2月18日，這所醫院首例治愈患者出院。

 

與火神山醫院一樣，雷神山醫院也是中國抗擊新冠肺炎疫情的重大工程。在以習近平同志為核心的黨中央堅強領導下，各建設單位黨組織團結帶領干部職工，堅定不移落實中央決策部署，眾志成城、全力以赴，筑就了普通勞動者的奮斗奇跡，彰顯了集中力量辦大事的社會主義制度優勢，為打贏疫情防控阻擊戰提供了重要保障。

 

Leishenshan Hospital

 

On January 25, 2020, as the construction of Huoshenshan Hospital had just begun, Wuhan decided to build another emergency hospital near Huangjia Lake, Jiangxia District. The new hospital, named “Leishenshan” (“Thunder God Mountain”) was designed to treat patients of novel coronavirus pneumonia diagnosed in fever clinics or transferred from other hospitals.

In the face of the epidemic, the designers and builders counted against the clock. On January 26, the overall design plan of the hospital was completed; on January 27, large-scale construction began; on January 28, the construction and renovation of communication base station infrastructure saw completion; and on January 29, power supporting engineering was completed and began to supply electricity to the hospital. At the peak period of construction, more than 10,000 builders and nearly 1,500 sets of machinery and equipment fought together, night and day. 

 

After more than 10 days of construction, Leishenshan Hospital was put into use on February 8, officially taken over by Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, and the first group of patients were admitted that night. 

 

The hospital covers an area of nearly 80,000 square meters and is divided into three parts: isolation area for the patients, living area for the medical staff, and logistics area, with a total of 1,600 beds. On February 18, the first cured patients in Leishenshan Hospital were discharged.

 

Like Huoshenshan Hospital, Leishenshan Hospital was also a major project for China to fight the novel coronavirus epidemic. Under the strong leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping at its core, the Party organizations of all construction units had unswervingly implemented the decisions and deployments made by the CPC Central Committee. Ordinary workers united as one, spared no effort, and created a miracle. Construction of the hospital has demonstrated the institutional advantage of the system of socialism, that is, by concentrating efforts on major initiatives, a vital guarantee was formed for winning the war against the epidemic.

 

4. 方艙醫院

 

方艙醫院是以醫療方艙為載體，綜合集成醫療與醫技保障功能的現代化機動醫療系統，由醫療功能單元、病房單元和技術保障單元等部分構成，主要承擔重大災害救援、應急支援保障、巡回醫療服務等任務。方艙醫院具有機動性好、展開部署快、環境適應性強等特點，能夠適應突發的應急醫學救援任務，受到各國普遍重視。

 

20世紀90年代起，中國開始自行設計研制方艙醫院系統。經不斷改造升級，第二代方艙醫院先后在汶川、玉樹抗震救災中執行醫療救援任務。2020年2月，隨著新冠肺炎疫情發展，武漢市將一批體育館、會展中心、培訓中心、工業園區廠房、職業高中等場地改造建成方艙醫院，用于收治隔離輕癥患者和觀察病例。這些特殊的“急救醫院”功能齊備，可以開展緊急救治、外科處置、臨床檢驗等多項任務，同時配備心理醫生團隊，為患者提供心理支持和疏導。2月16日，國家發展改革委安排中央預算內投資2.3億元，支持武漢市方艙醫院完善設施及增添必要的醫療設備，以增強收治能力。截至2月22日，武漢市已投入運行16家方艙醫院，開放病床超過12,000張。

 

建立和實施方艙醫院是保障病患隔離、分流病患診治、擴大收治容量、控制疫情發展的一項有效措施，在國家公共衛生應急保障中發揮重要作用。

 

Temporary Treatment Centers

 

Temporary treatment center, better known as “mobile cabin hospital” in China, is a modern mobile medical system that takes medical cabin as the carrier and integrates the functions of medical treatment and clinical technology. Composed of medical treatment units, ward units and technical support units, temporary treatment centers are mainly used in major disaster rescue, emergency support, itinerant medical services, and other tasks. With such features as good mobility, fast deployment and strong environmental adaptability, these improvised hospitals are capable of undertaking medical rescue tasks at emergencies and therefore are valued by many countries.

 

China began to design and develop its own temporary treatment center system in the 1990s. The second-generation temporary treatment centers successively carried out medical rescue tasks in earthquake relief in Wenchuan and Yushu. 

 

In February 2020, facing the spread of COVID-19, Wuhan transformed several gymnasiums, convention and exhibition centers, training centers, industrial park factories, vocational high schools and other venues into temporary treatment centers to isolate mild cases and cases under observation. These emergency hospitals have complete functions and can carry out emergency treatment, surgical treatment, clinical tests and other tasks. They also have a team of psychologists to provide psychological support and counseling for patients. 

 

On February 16, the National Development and Reform Commission arranged 230 million yuan (32.81 million dollars) in the central budget to support the temporary treatment centers in Wuhan to improve their facilities and add necessary medical equipment to enhance their treatment capacities. By February 22, 16 temporary treatment centers had been put into operation in Wuhan, offering more than 12,000 beds.

 

Establishing temporary treatment centers is an effective measure to ensure patient isolation, decrease patient density, expand treatment capacity and control the spread of the epidemic. Temporary treatment centers have played an important role in providing emergency support for the national public health system.

 

四、疫情發展

About COVID-19

 

1. 新型冠狀病毒

 

新型冠狀病毒因2019年病毒性肺炎病例而被發現，是以前從未在人類中發現的冠狀病毒新毒株。已知的冠狀病毒可引起感冒或中東呼吸綜合征（MERS）、嚴重急性呼吸綜合征（SARS）等不同程度的疾病。

 

2020年2月8日，國家衛生健康委將新型冠狀病毒感染的肺炎暫命名為新型冠狀病毒肺炎（簡稱新冠肺炎），并于2月19日發布《新型冠狀病毒肺炎診療方案（試行第六版）》，指出經呼吸道飛沫和密切接觸傳播是主要的傳播途徑，在相對封閉的環境中長時間暴露于高濃度氣溶膠情況下中存在經氣溶膠傳播的可能；以發熱、干咳、乏力為主要臨床表現，潛伏期為1-14天。目前，針對新冠肺炎尚無可用疫苗。

 

世界衛生組織1月12日將此種新病毒暫命名為“2019-nCoV”，并于2月11日將新冠肺炎正式命名為“COVID-19”，其中"CO"代表Corona（冠狀），"VI"代表Virus（病毒），"D"代表Disease（疾病），"19"代表疾病發現的年份2019年。

 

Novel Coronavirus

 

The novel coronavirus, first discovered with a viral pneumonia case in 2019, is a new strain of coronavirus that had never been found in humans before. The coronaviruses already known can cause cold or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and other diseases of varying degrees.

 

On February 8, 2020, China’s National Health Commission temporarily named the pneumonia infected by the novel coronavirus as “novel coronavirus pneumonia” in Chinese. The commission issued the Guidelines on the Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment (Provisional 6th Edition) on February 19, pointing out that respiratory droplets and close unprotected contacts are the main routes of transmission, and that transmission through aerosols is possible in the case of long-term exposure to high concentration aerosols in a relatively closed environment. The main signs and symptoms of the infected people include fever, dry cough and fatigue, and the incubation period varies from 1 to 14 days. Currently there is no vaccine available against the disease.

 

The WHO temporarily named the new virus as “2019-nCoV” on January 12, and officially named the pneumonia infected by the virus “COVID-19” on February 11. “CO” stands for corona, “VI” for virus, “D” for disease, and “19” for the year 2019 in which the disease was first discovered.

 

2. 人傳人

 

自2019年12月31日“不明原因肺炎”由武漢衛生健康委公開披露以來，病毒是否人傳人一直沒有明確答案。2020年1月20日，新冠肺炎疫情科研攻關專家組組長、國家衛生健康委高級別專家組組長鐘南山院士在接受采訪時明確表示，此次新冠肺炎存在人傳人的現象。這一科學判斷讓大眾對于新冠肺炎疫情有了更深刻、更清晰的認知。自此，全國各地開始采取嚴格的防控措施。1月21日，世界衛生組織稱，最新報告的感染信息表明，可能存在持續人傳人。2月18日，鐘南山院士在接受采訪時提出，為有效阻止病毒人傳人，迫切需要解決兩個問題：一是正常人和病人分開，二是新冠肺炎病人和流感病人分開。

 

Human-to-Human Transmission

 

After the disclosure of “pneumonia caused by unknown reasons” by Wuhan Municipal Health Commission on December 31, 2019, there had been no clear answer to whether the virus could be transmitted from human to human until January 20, 2020. On that day Academician Zhong Nanshan, who heads China’s COVID-19 Expert Team and the High-level Expert Group of the NHC, made it clear in an interview that there was a phenomenon of human-to-human transmission for the novel coronavirus. This scientific judgment has given the public a deeper and clearer understanding of the disease. Since then, strict prevention and control measures have been enforced throughout the country. 

 

On January 21, the WHO stated that the latest reported infection information suggested persistent human-to-human transmission. In an interview on February 18, Zhong Nanshan pointed out that to effectively stop human-to-human transmission of the virus, there must be separation of healthy people from the infected, and separation of COVID-19 patients from flu patients.

 

3. 國際關注的突發公共衛生事件

 

2020年1月30日，世界衛生組織總干事譚德塞在日內瓦召開新聞發布會，宣布新冠病毒疫情為國際關注的突發公共衛生事件。《國際衛生條例（2005）》規定，國際關注的突發公共衛生事件是指通過疾病的國際傳播構成對其它國家的公共衛生風險并可能需要采取協調一致的國際應對措施的不同尋常的事件。在某種疫情被宣布為國際關注的突發公共衛生事件后，各成員國均負有作出迅速反應的法律責任。

 

譚德塞表示，為中國領導層和中國人民抗擊疫情的決心感到震撼，中國采取了超常規的有力措施，在很多方面為應對疫情作出了榜樣。他十分贊賞中國在應對疫情方面展現出的高透明度，強調世衛組織相信中國的疫情一定能夠得到遏制，不贊成甚至反對對中國采取旅行或貿易禁令。

 

自《國際衛生條例（2005）》生效以來，世界衛生組織共宣布了六次國際關注的突發公共衛生事件：2009年甲型H1N1流感疫情，2014年埃博拉疫情，2014年野生型脊髓灰質炎疫情，2016年寨卡病毒疫情，2019年埃博拉疫情和2020年新冠肺炎疫情。

 

Public Health Emergency of International Concern

 

On January 30, 2020, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus declared in Geneva the novel coronavirus outbreak a “public health emergency of international concern.”

 

According to the International Health Regulations (IHR) (2005), a public health emergency of international concern is an unusual event that poses public health risk to other countries through international spread of the disease and may require a coordinated international response. After an epidemic has been declared a public health emergency of international concern, member states of the WHO all have the legal responsibility to respond quickly.

 

Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that he was impressed by the mobilization of the Chinese leadership and the Chinese people to fight against the epidemic, noting that China has taken extraordinary measures to contain the outbreak and is actually setting a new standard for outbreak response. He highly appreciated China’s commitment to transparency and to protecting the world’s people, and stressed that the WHO believed that China’s epidemic could be contained and doesn’t recommend and actually opposes any restrictions for travel and trade or other measures against China.

 

Since the entry into force of the IHR (2005), the WHO has announced six public health emergencies of international concern: the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, the 2014 Ebola epidemic, the 2014 wild poliovirus epidemic, the 2016 Zika virus epidemic, the 2019 Ebola epidemic, and the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic.

 

五、國際援助

International Aid

 

1. 國際社會積極合作與援助 

 

習近平在2月23日召開的統籌推進新冠肺炎疫情防控和經濟社會發展工作部署會議上強調，公共衛生安全是人類面臨的共同挑戰，需要各國攜手應對。

 

新冠肺炎疫情發生后，習近平會見了世界衛生組織總干事譚德塞和來華訪問的柬埔寨首相洪森、蒙古國總統巴特圖勒嘎，以通電話的形式同法國、德國、沙特阿拉伯、美國、印度尼西亞、卡塔爾、馬來西亞、英國、韓國、巴基斯坦、阿聯酋、埃塞俄比亞、智利、古巴等十余個國家領導人密切溝通，贊賞外方支持援助，介紹中國防控情況，傳遞中國發展信心，并就加強國際合作、推動雙邊關系發展深入交流。

 

截至2月底，全球170多個國家領導人和40多個國際和地區組織負責人或致函致電，或發表聲明，對中國表示慰問支持；聯合國、上海合作組織、金磚國家、東盟、非盟、阿盟、拉共體、七十七國集團等重要國際組織專門發表聲明，表達對中國抗疫行動的信心與支持；各國政要紛紛公開發聲，為武漢加油、為中國加油；50多個國家和國際組織積極捐贈財物，提供實際幫助。國際社會給予了中國寶貴的精神支持和物質援助，匯聚起患難與共、攜手抗疫的廣泛共識，各國人民同中國人民的友情在共同抗擊疫情中得到了升華。

 

在這一過程中，中國用實實在在的行動贏得了世界的普遍認同和贊譽，生動踐行了構建人類命運共同體的莊嚴承諾，彰顯了負責任大國形象，為全球公共衛生事業作出了重要貢獻。國際社會普遍認為中國采取了堅決有力的防控措施，展現出的領導能力、應對能力、組織動員能力、貫徹執行能力令人贊嘆，為世界各國抗擊疫情樹立了典范，為國際社會應對傳染病危機、推進全球公共衛生治理積累了有益經驗，提供了重要借鑒。在全面有力防控疫情的同時，中國還積極主動同世衛組織和國際社會開展合作、交流信息，特別是迅速分享部分毒株全基因組序列，研制成功快速檢測試劑盒等舉措，不僅是對中國人民生命安全和身體健康高度負責，也是對全球防控疫情的重大利好。聯合國秘書長古特雷斯表示，中國為抗擊新冠肺炎疫情并避免其蔓延付出了巨大犧牲，為全人類作出了貢獻。國際權威專業期刊指出，中國為國際科學界加入抗疫戰斗鋪平了道路，為科研合作的全球動員奠定了基礎。

 

要戰勝關乎各國人民安危的疫病，團結合作是最有力的武器。面對疫情發展，提高重大傳染性疾病全球治理水平，增強國際協調能力是當務之急。只有各國都擔負起道義和責任，才能在全球范圍奪取抗疫斗爭的最終勝利。

 

Cooperation of and Aid from the International Community

 

At the meeting held on February 23 on coordinating epidemic prevention and control and economic and social development, Xi Jinping noted that public health security is a common challenge to human beings as a whole, and all countries need to join hands to deal with it.

 

After the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, Xi Jinping has met with visiting WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen, and Mongolian President Khaltmaa Battulga. He has also communicated on the phone with the leaders of France, Germany, Saudi Arabia, the United States, Indonesia, Qatar, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, the Republic of Korea, Pakistan, the United Arab Emirates, Ethiopia, Chile and Cuba. Xi expressed appreciation for their support and aid, introduced China’s progress in virus combat and confidence in development, and exchanged views with these leaders on promoting international cooperation and advancing bilateral ties.

 

By the end of February, more than 170 state leaders and over 40 heads of international and regional organizations had sent written or oral messages, or issued statements to express sympathy and support for China. International organizations including the United Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the BRICS, the ASEAN, the AU, the League of Arab States, the Latin American Community, and the Group of 77 have expressed their confidence and support for China’s action against the virus. Many influential politicians around the world have publicly voiced encouragement and support to Wuhan and China, while more than 50 countries and international organizations have made donations and provided solid assistance to China. 

 

The international community has given China valuable spiritual support and material assistance, building broad consensus on facing difficulties and fighting epidemic together. And the friendship between foreign people and the Chinese people has been significantly promoted in the battle against COVID-19.

 

During the process of fighting epidemic, China has won universal recognition and praise for its rapid and decisive actions. It has fulfilled its commitment of building a global community of shared future, demonstrated the image of a responsible major country, and made significant contributions to the global public health. The international community widely recognizes China’s determined and effective prevention and control measures and is impressed by its extraordinary abilities in leading and mobilizing the Chinese people to respond to the outbreak, which has set a good example for the global epidemic prevention. Its experience in dealing with infectious disease and advancing global governance on public health provides an important reference for the international community. 

 

While fighting the epidemic in an all-round way, China has actively and voluntarily cooperated with and shared information with the WHO and the international community, swiftly shared the genome sequence of some strains, and successfully developed rapid testing kits. These moves indicate that China not only shoulders responsibilities for the Chinese people’s life and health, but also brings a major benefit to global epidemic prevention and control. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said that China has made great sacrifices to fight the epidemic and prevent the virus from spreading to others, and has made contributions to humanity. Some international authoritative professional journals point out that China has paved the way for the international scientific community to join the fight against epidemic and laid the foundation for global mobilization of scientific research cooperation.

 

To prevail over a disease that threatens all, unity and cooperation is the most powerful weapon. In the face of the epidemic, improving global governance on major infectious diseases and promoting international ordination is the high priority. Only when each country assumes its morality and responsibility, can we finally win the victory of the global fight against the epidemic.

 

2. 世界衛生組織大力支持和幫助

 

新冠肺炎疫情發生以來，世界衛生組織高度關注，不僅對中國疫情防控工作給予理解、支持和肯定，還積極同中國展開合作，全力幫助中國抗擊疫情。

 

2020年1月28日，世界衛生組織總干事譚德塞訪問中國，考察新冠肺炎疫情。2月10日，由加拿大流行病學專家和應急專家布魯斯-艾爾沃德率領的世衛組織國際專家組首批成員抵達中國，與中國同行一起工作。2月16日，中國—世界衛生組織新型冠狀病毒肺炎聯合專家考察組正式開展工作，分別前往北京市、廣東省、四川省和湖北省開展現場調研，了解疫情形勢和救治情況，學習中國防控經驗，開展技術交流，深化互信合作。2月24日，聯合專家考察組在北京舉行新聞發布會，外方組長布魯斯-艾爾沃德指出，中國采取了前所未有的公共衛生應對措施，在阻斷病毒人際傳播、減緩疫情擴散蔓延方面取得明顯效果，已經避免或推遲了至少數十萬新冠肺炎病例。中國正在采取謹慎、分階段、有序的方式，逐步恢復社會、經濟、教育和醫療等各部門的正常秩序，其他國家應迅速重新評估對中國采取的措施。他表示，世界需要學習中國的經驗，要認識到武漢人民所做出的貢獻，世界虧欠他們，當這場疫情過去的時候，希望有機會能代表世界再一次感謝武漢人民。

 

針對疫情期間一些別有用心的假消息、污名化言行，世衛組織堅持以科學和事實為依據作出判斷，努力溝通協調主流信息渠道，積極澄清真相，不斷呼吁各方堅持真理、抵制謠言、保持信心、加強合作，確保民眾得到權威信息。據世衛組織部分合作專家提供的數據模型顯示，中國采取的控制人員流動等措施讓中國境內的疫情傳播速度延緩了兩到三天，讓中國境外的疫情傳播速度延緩了兩到三周。世衛組織積極評價并充分肯定中國抗擊疫情的努力，總干事譚德塞表示，中方行動之快、規模之大，世所罕見；這是中國制度的優勢，有關經驗值得其他國家借鑒；中國所采取的大規模防控行動為世界爭取了時間，讓世界更加安全。此外，包括譚德塞、艾爾沃德在內的世衛組織官員和專家還多次表達了對中國醫護人員的肯定、敬意和感謝。

 

Strong WHO Support and Assistance

 

Since the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak, the WHO has been highly concerned with the epidemic. It has not only given understanding, support and affirmation to China’s prevention and control efforts, but also fully cooperated with China on the fight against the epidemic.

 

WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus visited China on January 28 to investigate the COVID-19 epidemic. An advance team of WHO international experts led by Canadian epidemiologist and emergency expert Dr. Bruce Aylward arrived in China on February 10 to work with their Chinese counterparts. 

 

On February 16, the WHO-China Joint Mission on COVID-19 began to work by visiting Beijing and the provinces of Guangdong, Sichuan and Hubei respectively. After conducting filed investigation, asking about epidemic and treatment situation, and learning from Chinese experience in epidemic prevention and control, they carried out technical exchanges and deepened mutual trust and cooperation. 

 

At the press conference the joint team held in Beijing on February 24, Dr. Bruce Aylward noted that China’s unprecedented public health responses to the COVID-19 outbreak have yielded notable results in controlling human-to-human transmission of the virus, and “averted and probably prevented at least tens of thousands even hundreds of thousands, of cases.” China is taking prudent, phased and orderly steps to gradually restore order in social, economic, education and healthcare sectors, and other countries should swiftly reassess the measures taken toward China. He also said the world needs to learn from China’s experience and recognize what the people of Wuhan have done to the world, and the world is in their debt. With the disease finishes, he said, he hopes he has the chance to thank the people of Wuhan on behalf of the world again.

 

In response to the fake news and stigmatization emerging amid the epidemic, the WHO has made judges based on science and evidence, tried to communicate with and coordinate mainstream information channels, actively clarified the actual situations, constantly called for all parties to stick to the truth, boycott rumors, maintain confidence and strengthen cooperation, and ensured the public have access to authoritative information. 

 

Statistics models provided by some WHO experts showed that China’s measures on movement restriction have delayed the dissemination of the outbreak two or three days within China and two or three weeks outside China. 

 

The WHO has spoken positively of and fully affirmed China’s efforts to contain the novel coronavirus. Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said the quick speed and massive scale of China’s response to coronavirus is rarely seen in the world and shows the advantages of China’s system. He called for other countries to emulate China’s experience. China’s large-scale prevention and control action has brought time for the world and made the world safer. Moreover, WHO officials and experts including Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus and Bruce Aylward have expressed commendation, respect and appreciation to China’s medical professionals on many occasions.

 

3. 日本：山川異域，風月同天

 

國際社會對中國抗擊新冠肺炎疫情給予了極大的理解和支持，日本作為一衣帶水、守望相助的友好鄰邦，第一時間以官民一體、文道合一的物資援助和輿論支持，為中國政府和人民帶來了鼓勵與溫情。

 

1月29日，日本漢語教學考試機構HSK事務局在捐贈湖北的物資貼紙上，寫下“山川異域，風月同天”的詩意留言，寓意中日兩國雖然山川各異，然而卻能同沐清風、共賞明月。日本前首相鳩山由紀夫在為武漢加油的視頻中，也提到了這句話。詩意的留言拉近并溫暖了兩國民眾的心，喚起了中日文化交流源遠流長的美好記憶。“山川異域，風月同天”的作者是一千多年前日本政界的重量級人物長屋親王。其執政時，日本頻繁派出遣唐使來中國學習佛法與先進文化。長屋親王命人制作千件繡著“山川異域，風月同天；寄諸佛子，共結來緣”偈語的袈裟，隨遣唐使帶給中國的高僧。鑒真大師為偈語所感動，不畏艱險前往日本弘揚佛法，為中日友好交流播下了種子。

 

“投我以木桃，報之以瓊瑤”。2月中下旬，隨著日本新冠肺炎確診病例持續增加，中國無償提供新冠病毒核酸檢測試劑，進一步同日方分享信息經驗，體現了兩國命運與共、密切協作，維護地區和世界公共衛生安全的積極姿態。

 

Japan: Miles Apart, but Close at Heart.

 

The international community has given great understanding and support to China in its fight against the COVID-19 epidemic. Japan and China are neighbors that always offer mutual assistance in times of hardship. The Japanese government and the Japanese people took immediate action to provide aid materials and voice support, bringing encouragement and warmth to the Chinese government and the Chinese people.

 

“Miles apart, but close at heart.” This was a two-line poem written in Chinese by the Japanese HSK Bureau on the boxes of supplies it donated to China in its fight against the novel coronavirus. As the poem describes, while mountains and rivers separate China and Japan, the two countries enjoy the same moonlight under the same sky. Also quoted by former Japanese Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama in a video message sent to show his support to Wuhan, the poem has brought the people of the two countries closer, and has evoked a significant moment in the history of cultural exchanges between China and Japan. 

 

The poem was composed by Prince Nagaya of Japan more than 1,000 years ago. During his reign, Japan often sent ambassadors to China to learn Buddhism and Chinese culture. The hymn was embroidered on 1,000 Buddhist robes that Prince Nagaya sent to the Chinese monks. Moved by the Prince’s hymn, Jianzhen (688-763), the renowned Buddhist master and traveler of the Tang Dynasty (618-907), decided to go on a voyage to Japan despite hardship, promoting friendly exchanges between the two countries.

 

As an old Chinese saying goes, “You toss me a peach, I give you a white jade in return.” In mid-to-late February, as confirmed patients increased in Japan, China donated a batch of COVID-19 nucleic acid testing kits to Japan and strengthened information sharing. These benign interactions demonstrate that the two countries share an inextricably linked destiny and cooperate to protect regional and international public health security.

 

4. 科摩羅：千里送鵝毛，禮輕情意重

 

在中國合力抗擊新冠肺炎疫情之際，非洲島國科摩羅的科中友好協會向中國捐助100歐元，用于支持中國人民的抗疫行動。在海外社交媒體平臺上，中國駐科摩羅大使何彥軍手拿兩張50歐元面值的鈔票，與科摩羅中國友好協會主席穆薩合影的照片，在短時間內引來大量點贊、轉發。中國民眾紛紛表示，“千里送鵝毛，禮輕情意重”。

 

科摩羅是個典型的農漁業國家，大量糧食和生活用品需要進口，普通工人日薪低于10元，45%人口處于極端貧困中，是聯合國公認的世界最不發達國家之一。中國是第一個承認科摩羅獨立并同其建交的國家。據了解，科摩羅的科中友好協會最初打算向中方贈送一箱口罩，但他們找遍了當地超市和藥店也沒有買到，所以決定募捐“100歐元”，以這一象征性的金額表達對中國人民防疫斗爭的支持。根據2020年2月匯率換算，100歐元約合人民幣760.41元，金額雖不大，但卻相當于當地普通人1至2個月的收入。

 

“唯以心相交，方能成其久遠”，科摩羅的善舉收獲中國社情民意的背后，是中國與非洲國家以自己的處事哲學和行為方式向世界展示的文明之“禮”。

 

Comoros: It Is the Kindness That Counts.

 

The Comoros-China Friendship Association of Comoros, which is an island nation in the Indian Ocean, donated 100 euros to support China’s efforts in dealing with the epidemic. The picture of He Yanjun, Chinese ambassador to Comoros, holding two 50-euro notes beside Moussa, chairman of the association, received a lot of “likes” and “forward” on the overseas social media. The Chinese people believe it is the kindness that counts.

 

As a country that bases its economy on agriculture and fishery, Comoros relies heavily on imports of grains and daily necessities. It is considered one of the least developed countries by the United Nations, as the ordinary workers in the country earn less than 10 yuan a day, and 45% of its population live in extreme poverty. China was the first country to recognize the independence of Comoros and established diplomatic relations with the country. 

 

The association originally intended to donate a box of facemasks, but did not get any in local supermarkets and pharmacies, so they decided to donate 100 euros instead, as a symbolic gesture to show their support to China in the fight against the epidemic. One hundred euros was equivalent to 760.41 yuan at the exchange rate in February 2020. It was equivalent to the earnings of an ordinary worker in Comoros in two months.

 

As an old Chinese saying goes, “Only heart-to-heart exchanges can last long.” Comoros’ kindness has won the hearts of the Chinese people, as it demonstrates that both China and the African country have shown their politeness to the world through their philosophies of life and conduct.

 

5. 巴鐵信任值千金

 

中國和巴基斯坦是全天候戰略合作伙伴，素有互幫互助的優良傳統。新冠肺炎疫情發生后，巴基斯坦第一時間發聲向中方表達支持，克服困難提供寶貴物資捐助，保持兩國一切正常往來，以實際行動給予中國信任和支持。

 

2月10日，巴基斯坦國民議會和參議院分別通過決議，對中國抗擊新冠病毒肺炎疫情表示支持。決議感謝中國政府為抗擊疫情、保護巴基斯坦在華學生采取的措施，表示愿同中國展開全面合作。2月21日，巴基斯坦總理伊姆蘭·汗專門致電習近平主席，表達慰問和支持，同時表示，由于中方的有效防控，疫情并未在世界蔓延，整個世界都應感謝并贊賞中方應對疫情的努力和成效，沒有任何國家可以比中國做得更好。習近平強調，中巴兩國是患難與共的真朋友、同甘共苦的好兄弟，中國將像對待本國公民一樣，照顧好在華巴基斯坦兄弟姐妹。

 

據悉，巴基斯坦先后兩次動用全國醫院庫存資源，向中國捐贈醫用口罩、防護服、手套等醫療物資，巴基斯坦籍留學生、客商等也紛紛捐款捐物，支援中國人民抗擊疫情，展示出中巴兩國人民患難與共的真情，證明了中巴是同舟共濟、守望相助的命運共同體。

 

The Trust of “Iron Pak” Is Worth More Than Gold.

 

China and Pakistan are all-whether strategic cooperative partners who enjoy a tradition of mutual assistance. After the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, Pakistan immediately voiced solidarity with China, offering donations and assistance despite its own difficulties, and maintaining all bilateral regular exchanges. It has made solid moves to show trust and support to China.

 

On February 10, the Pakistani Parliament and Senate separately passed a resolution to support China in its fight against the epidemic. The resolutions extended appreciation to the Chinese government for protecting Pakistani students studying in China amid the epidemic, and expressed willingness to fully cooperate with China. 

 

On February 21, Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan called Chinese President Xi Jinping to express sympathy and support. Because of China’s effective prevention and control efforts, the COVID-19 has not spread around the world, he said, adding that the whole world should commend and appreciate China’s efforts and achievements in containing the virus, and no other country can do better than China. Xi emphasized that China and Pakistan are true friends and good brothers who share weal and woe, and China will take good care of Pakistani brothers and sisters in China the same way as its own citizens.

 

According to media reports, Pakistan tapped into its national hospital reserves to donate medical materials, including medical masks, protective suits and gloves, to China. Pakistani students and merchants in China have also donated money and goods to support China’s fight against the epidemic. All these acts of kindness have shown the two countries’ true brotherhood and proved that China and Pakistan, as members of a community with a shared future, always stand together and help each other in difficult and odd times.

 

六、人物案例

Brave Fighters

 

1. 鐘南山：新冠肺炎疫情科研攻關專家組組長

 

鐘南山，中國國家呼吸系統疾病臨床醫學研究中心主任，中國工程院院士，中國防治呼吸道傳染病的領軍人。2003年，面對非典疫情，鐘南山帶領課題組在全世界率先探索出了一套富有明顯療效的防治經驗，最早制定出《非典型肺炎臨床診斷標準》，被世界衛生組織專家組認為對全世界抗擊非典型肺炎具有指導意義。他所在的廣東成為全球非典病人治愈率最高、死亡率最低的地區之一。

 

2020年新冠肺炎疫情爆發，84歲的鐘南山再度“出山”，出任新冠肺炎疫情聯防聯控工作機制科研攻關專家組組長、國家衛生健康委高級別專家組組長。在赴武漢進行調研考察后，他接受電視采訪，指出新冠病毒存在人傳人的現象。疫情期間，鐘南山向公眾普及新冠病毒信息、疫情防控情況、藥物研發進展，帶領團隊重點攻關重癥、危重癥和疑難病人診治，被普遍贊譽為“全民偶像”“國士無雙”。

 

Zhong Nanshan, Head of China’s COVID-19 Expert Team

 

Zhong Nanshan is director of the National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and a leading Chinese expert in preventing and treating respiratory infectious diseases. 

 

During the outbreak of SARS in 2003, Zhong led a group of scientists to explore effective prevention and treatment measures. His team was the first to formulate a set of standards for clinical diagnosis of SARS, which was recognized by the WHO experts as significantly valuable for the global combat against SARS. Guangdong province, where Zhong worked, was one of the SARS-hit areas with the highest cure rate and the lowest mortality rate in the world.

 

When the novel coronavirus epidemic broke out in early 2020, the 84-year-old Zhong returned to the battlefield and was appointed to head both China’s COVID-19 Expert Team and the High-level Expert Group of the NHC. After his field trip to Wuhan, he warned in a TV interview that there was a phenomenon of human-to-human transmission for the novel coronavirus. During the outbreak, Zhong educated the public about the virus, updated them on the trend of the epidemic as well as relative drug R&D. He also led his team to focus on curing severe cases, critically ill cases and cases with complex diseases. He is hailed by the Chinese people as a “national idol” and a “one-of-a-kind talent.”

 

2. 李蘭娟：國家傳染病重點學科帶頭人

 

李蘭娟，中國傳染病學專家，國家衛生健康委高級別專家組成員，中國工程院院士。曾承擔SARS、手足口病、地震災后防疫、甲型H1N1等傳染病診治研究任務，尤其在防控人感染H7N9禽流感救治研究中取得眾多原創性成果，為中國傳染病診治做出了重大貢獻。

 

在新冠肺炎疫情蔓延之際， 73歲的李蘭娟率醫療隊抵達武漢。在收治危重患者的定點醫院，李蘭娟不分晝夜地工作，向公眾普及病毒知識、與醫護人員商討診療方案，每天只睡3個小時。在到達武漢后的第3天，李蘭娟院士團隊發布了重大研究成果，稱阿比朵爾、達蘆那韋兩款藥物能夠有效抑制新型冠狀病毒。隨后，阿比朵爾列入《新型冠狀病毒肺炎診療方案（試行第六版）》。

 

Li Lanjuan: Pioneer of Epidemiology

 

Li Lanjuan is a Chinese epidemiologist, a member of the High-level Expert Group of the NHC, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. She has undertaken the tasks of diagnosis, treatment and research for infectious diseases such as the SARS, the hand-foot-and-mouth disease, post-quake epidemics and the H1N1 flu virus. She has made many groundbreaking achievements in the prevention and control of the H7N9 flu virus, and has contributed greatly to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases in China.

 

Amid the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, the 73-year-old Li Lanjuan led a medical team to Wuhan and worked day and night at the designated hospitals for treating severe cases. She educated the public about the virus, discussed the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment with other medical workers, and slept only three hours a day. 

 

Three days after arriving in Wuhan, Li’s team announced an important research achievement, indicating that Arbidol and Darunavir could effectively curb the virus. Arbidol was later added in the Guidelines on the Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment (Provisional 6th Edition).

 

3. 劉智明：因患新冠肺炎不幸殉職的武昌醫院院長

 

劉智明，武漢市武昌醫院院長。1月21日，武昌醫院將被緊急改造為第一批收治新冠肺炎患者的定點醫院。自此，劉智明一直堅持在一線指導臨床工作，吃住都在醫院。1月24日，武昌醫院開始大規模收治病人，劉智明也因在救治工作中感染，被確診為新冠肺炎患者。在住進重癥隔離病房后，劉智明依然每天詢問病人收治情況、安排醫院工作，直至生命最后一刻。

 

2月18日，劉智明去世，享年51歲。他是新冠病毒肺炎疫情期間首位殉職的醫院院長。世界衛生組織總干事譚德塞在向劉智明的去世表示哀悼時說：“劉智明醫生的去世是巨大的損失，他在疫情期間挽救了無數生命。”截至2月22日，共有400多名重癥患者從武昌醫院治愈出院。

 

Liu Zhiming: Hospital Chief Who Died of COVID-19

 

Liu Zhiming was president of Wuchang Hospital in Wuhan. On January 21, his hospital was urgently turned into a designated hospital for treating patients infected with the novel coronavirus. Since then, Liu had stuck to his post and kept working on the front line without a single day away from the hospital. On January 24, large numbers of confirmed cases were admitted to the hospital, and Liu was unfortunately diagnosed with the coronavirus. While being treated in the isolation ward, Liu still inquired about the patients every day and kept working until the end of his life.

 

Liu passed away at the age of 51 on February 18. He was the first hospital chief to die of the virus. WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus mourned the passing of Liu, saying that he had touched and saved numerous lives in the COVID-19 outbreak. By February 22, more than 400 severe cases had been cured and discharged from Wuchang Hospital.

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